Adapting The New Law Is Important For Organizations

Adapting the New Law Adapting the new law is important for organizations because the law and regulation will affect Human Resource Management (HRM). First of all, in order to adapt the new law, the Human Resource (HR) managers must have to change some rules in order to help the firm and employees to follow up because some employees might not know new law have been issued, so they might violate the law due to unintentionally. Moreover, if employees fail to follow up, it might have a bigger problem for HR manager to deal with it. Therefore, HR managers have to change the corporate regulation in order to let employees understand the new law. Secondly, HR managers should create a handbook in order to describes how to behave under the new law.†¦show more content†¦68). For example, if transgender bathroom law has been issued, the Human Resource (HR) managers have to plan to follow up. If managers do not do so, the organization violates the law and might be sued by being discrimination. Thus, HR manag ers should have the ability and responsibility to help the firm adapt the new laws. Moreover, communication also plays crucial key for obeying the law. However, LGBT has not a clear description under the federal law, so if some employees, who are in LGBT group, have been discriminated, it is hard for HR managers to deal with it. Furthermore, transgender people problems are even more difficult for managers to address them. According to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Workplace Issues (2015), â€Å"90% of the transgender population experienced harassment or mistreatment on the job, or took steps to avoid it† (para. 9). Transgender problems is a hot potato for HR managers. The following paragraph would describe how state anti-transgender discrimination law and regulation influence on Human Resource Management. There are 22 states have a law to protect transgender in the workplace. An example of California state law, law prohibits employers and employees to discriminate transgender workers in terms of sexual orientation and gender identity. As mentioned above, not only will these impact on corporate strategies, such as the recruitment, compensation, selection, termination, layoff, training, corporate policy etc. but also the

Public Health Is Under A Lot Of Options - 824 Words

Public Health is under a lot of options. One that I find interesting is promoting healthy activities like working out, eating the right type of foods, and talking about smoking and drinking. According to the article of EMS and Health Promotions â€Å"Encouragement of attitudes that increases the likelihood that health knowledge will be transformed into personal action† (Brown) states that if a person learns amount healthy measures like healthy food, exercising, and stopping smoking will lead to a better life. I know this because when I first learned about the muscular system, I wanted to work out so much simply because I learned. This is very important considering the fact hundreds of people call 911 for respiratory distress or chest pain. I†¦show more content†¦Many people nowadays witness a full arrest; nine out of ten times don’t right away initiate CPR. .Usually the dispatcher will notify the caller to initiate CPR. Starting CPR is very crucial in the survi val of a person. According to Lawrence Philips article, â€Å"Unfortunately, most people who suffer a cardiac arrest outside of a hospital do not get Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) from a bystander, which significantly lessens their chances of survival† (Phillips) pretty much states this is serious. The reason CPR is a measure to take is because when compressions are applied to a patient’s chest, blood flow in the heart is being circulated thus not letting carbon dioxide (waste/acidosis) accumulate. Artificial positive ventilation is beneficial; however, in 2010 AHA guidelines stated â€Å"Hands-only CPR has been shown to be just as effective for many adults who experience sudden cardiac arrest† (Phillips). State laws in Texas have always been strict about car seat safety and inspection. In today world, at least 60% of the population especially children are majority for riding without seatbelts. I believe a community paramedic will make a huge impact in providing car seat safety education. As for babies, â€Å"A rear-facing child safety seat does a better job of supporting the head, neck and spine of infants and toddlers in a crash† (Emmons). Too many reports all over the US have stated severe child injury from a

The argument behind this is that if ones parents Free Essays

Alcohol is a drink that is consumed orally and has an intoxicating effect. A drug when it is defined using medical terms is any substance that when consumed affects body functions whether positively or negatively. The argument is that medically prescribed drugs can help one recover from a certain illness but when drugs are taken for fun can lead to addiction and other bad side effects. We will write a custom essay sample on The argument behind this is that if ones parents or any similar topic only for you Order Now As per the above given definition, alcohol qualifies to be a drug and thus should be controlled like other drugs. The essence of this paper is to support the argument that alcohol is a dangerous drug and thus should be controlled. Alcohol is one of the most abused drug with the most affected being the youths. No one wants to become an alcoholic victim but one accidentally finds himself in it. It is hard to determine when one would become its victim or not as there are many underlying factors that act as catalyst. One person may consume it for a short time and become addicted while another might take along time before becoming one. There are two theories that are advanced by psychologists and sociologists and thus each of them takes the respective perspective. According to psychologists there are some genetic predispositions that determine if one will become an addict or not. The argument behind this is that if ones parents were addicts then the chances of one becoming like them are higher. The other theory advanced by the later is that there are some social factors that may cause one to become addicted these are factors like environmental factors such as cultural exposures and other social practices. Any drug that can lead to addiction like alcohol is dangerous and thus should be controlled. Apart from this, it has a wide range of health effects for example it interferes with normal brain functioning something that causes psychiatric disorders such as depressive disorder, panic disorder and anxiety disorder. Unlike other dugs like cocaine and heroine where withdrawal can only be fatal if one has other health complications, alcohol withdrawal can be fatal. The reason behind this is that when alcohol is taken it stimulates the GABA receptors something that causes anxiety and when it is consumed in large amount and consistently, it desensitizes and reduces these receptors thereby causing the body to be entirely dependent on it such that when it is abruptly stopped, it leads to the breakdown of the central nervous system. The victim immediately registers some life threatening seizures or convulsions, hallucinations and in extreme cases it results to heart failure (Cohen, Sidney. 1983). Socially it has led many to lose their prestigious jobs as when people become addicted they are forced to consume it even when they are supposed to be busy at work and in sober mind. This economically affects the productivity of companies as drunken people cannot be expected to be productive. If anything they make them incur loses as they put off the very customers they are expected to serve. For this reason, alcohol is an obstacle to development and should thus be banned completely (Cohen, Sidney. 1983). Studies show that alcohol car related car accidents are the main cause of death of the youth between 15 and 24. It also increases suicide, homicide and drowning cases as in most cases victims who commit suicide are drunkards or those who are drowned are its victims. Alcohol also interferes with ones thought system and for this reason; most drunkards do no reason appropriately. Alcoholism leads to reduced judgment and that is why victims can cross a busy road without checking whether the road is safe or not and one end up being hit. Most car accidents are drivers who are under the influence of drugs. Like it is mentioned above, alcohol clouds ones judgment such that it is hard to think straight. When one is drunk he/she loses control over everything such that one is aware that something is happening but cannot take the appropriate measure and that is how accidents result. â€Å"Alcohol, even at low doses, significantly impairs the judgment and coordination required to drive a car safely.† (Partnership for a Drug Free America). According to a survey that was done by the Davis Law Group in 2007, about 12, 998 died in car accidents where drivers were under the influence of alcohol. If these cases are to be reduced, then the government must wake up and adopt a zero tolerance strategy to alcoholism (Davis Law Group. 2007). How to cite The argument behind this is that if ones parents, Essays

The Criminal Mind Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction In psychological science the condemnable head is controlled by a figure of distressing feelings which a condemnable attempts to stop when he commits a certain condemnable act. Feelingss such as hungriness may drive a individual to steal so as to fulfill his famishment. This motive is driven by a stimulation which leads to voluntary behavior to fulfill and run into the psychological demand a condemnable head is driven by a figure of motivations which are fundamentally the feelings of hurt and the feeling of a feeling of hurt. When a individual decides to steal nutrient. he is driven by the motivation of a feeling of hurt. When the same individual has enough nutrient and however decides to steal more. he is driven by the other motivation which is the feeling of experiencing hurt. Psychologically. a figure of distressing feelings occur in a criminal’s head which motivates his condemnable Acts. These feelings of dependence. being controlled. isolation and hungriness contribute a major factor in felons. How a condemnable head plants. Most motivations which influence a felons mind develop spontaneously from our mundane experiences and behaviors. Depending on grownups. socialising with friends. eating nutrient. originate feelings such as solitariness. dependance. hungriness. isolation and feeling controlled. These feelings that arise spontaneously from twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours ordinary behaviours are referred to as alpha motivations. However. other motivations may be created by environmental experiences. For illustration. a individual who is insulted by his friend feels that the friend has control over him and this prompts him to seek retaliation. A big figure of felons are motivated by these feelings of control. whereby they that other people have an upper manus in their lives. As consequence the victims find themselves over depending on other people. These feelings hence motivate them to stop the dependence. Everyone experiences feelings of scope and other inappropriate sexual feelings. However. som e of us have the ability to barricade and lock up the feelings internally. But in persons with psychological upsets the ability to barricade up the feelings internally has been eroded. Research shows that consecutive slayers report experiencing a really strong impulse which pushes them to kill people even at the hazard of exposing themselves. The longer they let the feelings have control of their heads. the more unsafe they become. ( Ramsland. K. 2002 ) . A rapers head develops at a immature age. As a immature adult male reaches the age pubescence. he begins fantasying about holding sex with little misss. This sort of ideas and phantasies start taking over and commanding his witting head. Finally. the phantasies take over wholly and he becomes disconnected from the existent universe. This immature adult male detaches from the remainder of the people including his household and friends. The immature adult male so develops into a kid molester and since he is alienated from the universe. no 1 is capable of helping him keep from the act. Consecutive slayers confess that watching horror films and chilling imagination has motivated them to kill and perpetrate other offenses. These felons are provoked by the horror imageries they viewed to perpetrate aggressive slayings. It is unusual how the imagination merely affects a little part of people and gives them the model and guidelines to be after and execute their condemnable Acts of the Apostl ess. These films give the persons thoughts. methods and the type and class of victims to assail. Criminals experience no compunction feelings at all and therefore miss the ability to keep from perpetrating a condemnable act. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. crimelibrary. com/criminal_mind/psychology/index. hypertext markup language ) Common condemnable motivations The most common motivations which drive a condemnable to perpetrate a condemnable act include feelings of being controlled and dependance on other people. Condemnable Acts of the Apostless committed are therefore a manner of delivering themselves so as to be independent and experience less controlled. Feelingss of dependence normally result from psychological assaults and develop into a psychological distressful feeling which must be fulfilled. Therefore. a condemnable act is normally a response to a feeling of being controlled. dependence or feeling inferior. To place a condemnable motivation. requires placing the beginning of the motivation foremost because a offense is committed in order to stop a certain feeling. Condemnable motivations arise in a felons head when he feels little. disrespected. weak. and hapless and as a consequence feels controlled by those superior to him. In such instances. a individuals head develops the impulse to hold independency at whatever cost. Persons who feel little. hapless. weak and inferior have feelings of enviousness towards other people and hence experience angry towards the society. These persons develop into stealers and sexual attackers by seeking to acquire even with the society to obtain what they lack. The condemnable head has an inferior composite. which the person aims to stop by acquiring rid of feeling of control and dependence. ( Hall. J. 2005 ) . A rapers head has shown to be controlled by a figure of motivations which include the feeling of sexual hungriness whereby a raper responds to the stimulation of sexual hurt. The rapist’s head is controlled by feelings of dependence and being controlled which the raper is stoping by tormenting and torturing his victims. This makes him experience that he has control over them and that they depend on him. A figure of rapers report that their desires developed as a consequence of being rejected by a figure of adult females in the society due to certain facets of their lives. These persons feel little. weak. hapless. unhealthy and inferior to pull adult females in their lives. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //members. aol. com/psychquery/PT40. hypertext markup language ) Evidence has emerged that individual motivation can do many condemnable Acts of the Apostless. Criminal who fell dependant and controlled may perpetrate multiple offenses. Criminals with inferior composites may develop into consecutive slayers and rapers. These motives drive felons to make the incorrect thing instead than the right thing. The fact that these felons lack feelings of compunction makes it hard for them to take the right thing. For illustration. a immature adult male finds a lost little miss. Alternatively of taking the miss to a constabulary station. the immature adult male is compelled by an overpowering impulse to sexually assail the miss. This immature adult male is motivated by feelings of control and dependence to take the incorrect thing instead than the right thing. In such instances. the impulse to perpetrate a offense is normally strong than the impulse to keep from the act ( Howitt Dennis. 2006 ) Determing the motivation behind felons act depends on analyzing the events environing and taking to the act for illustration. when a individual is found with slaying grounds next to his friend who stolen money from him. it is apparent that the motivation behind the slaying is revenge and feeling of control. However it is hard to find the existent distressing feelings a felon had been sing at the clip of the offense. A condemnable motivation can be determined from the condemnable act by the manner the offense is committed. A individual who kills another by stubbing him legion times is said to make that out of retaliation. Decision A felons head is driven by motivation instead than emotion. In some cases the emotion of fright. has been known to actuate felons to perpetrate condemnable activities. Some people develop a certain fright that their neighbors want to assail them and as consequence they murder their neighbors out of fright. A condemnable head is besides motivated by unconscious feelings. A individual commits a offense without consciously sing the distressing feelings that motivate his behavior. A criminal’s head is easy influenced by environing environmental experiences such as interacting with new people. developing relationships with them and watching hideous imaginations in films. Once a motivation prompts a condemnable to perpetrate a certain offense. the impulse becomes stronger depending on the figure of times the offense is committed. Criminals have no compunction feelings and are therefore incapable of keeping from making incorrect things. Their desires overwhelm their sense of morality. It is hard to find the motivation behind a felons act but this can be done by placing the events that surround and lead to the act. Analyzing the mode in which a offense is committed can besides help in finding the motivation behind the offense. A criminal’s head. unlike the head of stable individual. is focused on stoping the oppressive feelings experienced by the person. A condemnable performs the condemnable Acts of the Apostless to liberate himself from dependence and feelings of being controlled by those around him. Plants Cited Hall. J. General Principles of condemnable jurisprudence. The jurisprudence book Exchange. Ltd. ( 2005 ) . Howitt Dennis. Introduction to forensic and condemnable psychological science. Pearson Education. ( 2006 ) . Ramsland. K. The condemnable head: A writer’s Guide to forensic psychological science. Writer’s Digest. ( 2002 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //members. aol. com/psychquery/PT40. hypertext markup language as retrieved on 23 Dec 2007 05:17:47 hypertext transfer protocol: //www. crimelibrary. com/criminal_mind/psychology/index. hypertext markup language as retrieved on 8 Jan 2008 05:34:38

Crime And The Death Penalty Essays - Capital Punishment, Penology

Crime and the Death Penalty For most crimes committed in the United States a fine, sentence of time in jail or execution is the punishment. However, the death penalty is the most questionable punishment. Is it morally right? Is it effective in deterring crime, primarily murders? Weather or not you agree if it is moral or not, one issue remains. The death penalty is not an effective way to deter crime. The death penalty has existed as long as humans have existed. The quote "an eye for an eye" is found in the Bible. In the middle ages fines, public humiliation and imprisonment were appropriate punishments for all crimes, and death penalty for all murders. Today, Federal law states that the death penalty is to be enforced with convicted criminals for: treason; deserting armed forces during wartime; murder committed by a soldier; kidnapping and murder that involves crossing state lines; murder committed during an airplane hijacking; and of course, homicide. The death penalty is also called for punishment of for: attempting to kill anyone investigating or prosecuting his or her activities; advising, directing, authorizing or assisting in the murder of someone. Also, The Anti-Drug abuse act of 1988 calls for the death penalty for all drug related killings. Along with that, The bill amending sec. 848 to controlled substances act calls for the death penalty or life imprisonment for certain drug offences possession of 10 or more kg of heroin, cocaine, phencyclidine or analogue. Added to that, The drug kingpin act sates the use of death penalty for convicted major drug dealers caught with huge quantities of drugs, over 66 lbs. of heroin and 330 lbs. of cocaine. Even though there are these federal laws requiring the use of the death penalty for the crimes, State laws only consider one crime, murder, to be a capital offense. In the United States alone there have been 4047 executions since 1930, and 188 were from 1977-1996. In 1996, there were a total of 15,168,100 arrests; 33,050 for forcible rape; 1,506,200 involving drug violations and 19,020 for murder and non-negligent manslaughter. The death penalty was enforced 45 times. The death penalty is an expensive punishment, since 1976 the united states have spent 700 million dollars in it. Methods of the death penalty include lethal injection, gas chamber, electric chair, hanging and fire squad. In a 1986 poll 70% of Americans favored the death penalty as a punishment for murder. There have been many comparisons of crime rates of death penalty states to non- death penalty states. These clearly show that the death penalty has no effect on the deteration of crime. The homicide rates in Michigan, Ohio and Illinois rise and fall along with Wisconsin. Michigan, Ohio and Illinois all have the death penalty. Wisconsin does not. In 1994, the average murder rate in a death penalty state of a population of 100,00 was 8.0, for a non-death penalty state, 4.4. In Canada the homicide rate per 100,000 people was 3.09 in 1975, this was when they had the death penalty. In 1976 Canada got rid of the death penalty. In 1986 the crime rate decreased to 2.19 per 100,000 people, the lowest in 15 years. Isn't it odd that the crime rates were high with the death penalty and low without? Clearly this shows that the presence of the death penalty has no effect on the increase or decrease of crime rates. Even with the death penalty, crime rates continue to rise and fall in the United States. The number of people on death row in 1967 were in 1972: 200 and in 1997 3,100. Crimes will be committed weather or not death penalty is a method of punishment. Many people believe that the death penalty isn't an effective way to deter crime. "The proposed drug death penalty is not only barbaric but also foolish: a temper tantrum masquerading as an act of government. It holds no promise for suppressing the drug trade, and may even be counterproductive" (Franklin E. Zimny) Time magazine, 1997 said 52% of Americans do not believe the death penalty deters people from committing crime. In a recent poll of police chiefs, 2/3 said they don't believe the death

Understanding Participial Phrases

Understanding Participial Phrases A participial phrase or clause is a wonderful tool for writers because it gives color and action to a sentence. By employing verbals- words derived from a verb- along with other grammatical elements, an author can craft clauses that function as an adjective, modifying nouns and pronouns. The participial phrase contains a participle and the other words in the phrase that modify the noun or pronoun. They cant stand alone as complete sentences. Present or Past Participial phrases or clauses consist of a present participle  (a verbal ending in ing) or past participle (a verbal ending in en ed,  d, t, n, or ne), plus modifiers, objects, and complements. A participle may  be followed by  an  adverb, a  prepositional phrase, an  adverb clause, or any combination of these.  They are set off by commas and function the same way adjectives do in a sentence. Past-participial phrase:  Invented by an Indiana housewife in 1889, the first dishwasher was driven by a steam engine.Present-participial phrase:  Working before unfriendly crowds, the referee has orders to exude poise under the most trying circumstances. Here, for example, the participial phrase consists of a present participle (holding), an object (the flashlight), and an adverb (steadily): Holding the flashlight steadily,  Jenny approached the strange creature. In the next sentence, the participial phrase includes a present participle (making), an object (a great ring), and a prepositional phrase (of white light): Jenny waved the flashlight over her head,  making a great ring of white light. Placement and Punctuation Participial phrases can appear in one of three places within a sentence, but  be careful not to risk awkwardness or confusion by placing it too far from the word it modifies. For example, a participial phrase that indicates a cause usually precedes the  main clause and sometimes follows the  subject, but only rarely appears at the end of the sentence. No matter where they are, they always modify a subject. Correctly punctuating a sentence that contains such a clause depends on where it is placed in reference to the subject. Before the main  clause, the participial phrase is followed by a comma: Speeding down the highway, Bob didnt notice the police car. After the main clause, it is preceded by a comma: The gamblers silently arranged their cards, losing themselves in thought. In mid-sentence position, it is set off by commas before and after: The real estate agent, thinking of her profit potential, decided not to buy the property. In each sentence below, the participial phrase clearly modifies the subject (my sister) and suggests a cause: Discouraged by the long hours and low pay, my sister finally quit her job.My sister,  discouraged by the long hours and low pay, finally quit her job. But consider what happens when the participial phrase moves to the end of the sentence: My sister finally quit her job,  discouraged by the long hours and low pay. Here the logical order of cause-effect is reversed, and as a result, the sentence may be less effective than the first two versions. While the sentence absolutely works grammatically, some may misread that the job is feeling discouraged, instead of the sister. Dangling Participial Phrases Although participial phrases can be an effective tool, beware. A misplaced or dangling participial phrase can cause embarrassing errors. The easiest way to tell whether a phrase is being used correctly is to look at the subject it is modifying. Does the relationship make sense? Dangling phrase: Reaching for a glass, the cold soda called my name.Corrected phrase: Reaching for a glass, I could hear the cold soda calling my name. The first example is illogical; a bottle of soda cant reach for a glass- but a person can pick up that glass and fill it. Be careful when combining sentences and converting one to a participial phrase to keep the subject of the sentence that goes with the adjectival phrase. For instance, you wouldnt want the following sentences: I curled my toes and squinted.The doctor prepared to puncture my arm with a needle. to turn into: Curling my toes and squinting, the doctor prepared to puncture my arm with a needle. Here the participial phrase refers to  the doctor  when it should refer to  I- a pronoun thats not in the sentence. This kind of problem is called a  dangling modifier, dangling participle, or misplaced modifier. We can correct this dangling modifier either by adding  I  to the sentence or by replacing the participial phrase with an  adverb clause: Curling my toes and squinting,  I waited for the doctor to puncture my arm with a needle.As I curled my toes and squinted, the doctor prepared to puncture my arm with a needle. Gerunds vs. Participles A gerund is a verbal that also ends in ing, just like participles in the present tense. You can tell them apart by looking at how they function within a sentence.  A gerund functions as a  noun, while a  present participle functions as an adjective. Gerund:  Laughing  is good for you.Present participle: The laughing woman clapped her hands with joy. Gerund Clauses vs. Participial Phrases Confusing gerunds or participles can be easy because both can also form clauses. The simplest way to differentiate the two is to use the word it in place of the verbal. If the sentence still makes grammatical sense, youve got a gerund clause: If not, its a participial phrase. Gerund phrase: Playing golf relaxes Shelly.Participial phrase: Waiting for takeoff, the pilot radioed the control tower.

Translation review 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Translation review 2 - Essay Example nsists that this event can serve as one of the best opportunities for the promotion of linguists and cross cultural studies and the linguist experts can play an effective role in the entire scenario. The article tells that spectators from all over the world are expected at London during the grand event of Olympic and Paralympics Games in 2012. The gathering of people belonging from over 220 countries would be an excellent example of cultural diversity because the capital city of UK will act as a global city by welcoming people from different languages and cultures. The event will show the rich capacity of the city to absorb different type of cultures and languages. The management of the games has also constituted a delegation of 30 people who speak 28 languages and act as a connecting thread for the people belonging to different cultures and groups. The event will efficiently work for the promotion of the linguistics and cultures and the linguists will also find excellent opportunities during these sports events. The author points out in the article that international sports events always serve as opportunities for the promotion of linguistics and cultures and the linguists have great scope of working during such events. For example, during the sports events of Barcelona Games, Seoul Games, Atlanta Games and Sydney Games, the management hired the services of linguist professionals to perform different linguist services and like these events, the Olympics and Paralympics 2012 also offer different opportunities for the linguist experts. The importance of these events from the linguists and cultural point of view has been widely recognized. These events are viewed as excellent opportunity as well as great challenge for the linguists experts and different professional linguists associations like the Association of Translation Companies (ATC), Chartered Institute of Linguists (IOL), Institute of Translation and Interpreting (ITI) and International Association of

The Impact of the Euro Since Its Launch Dissertation

The Impact of the Euro Since Its Launch - Dissertation Example The Euro is one of the stable currencies in the world. It is the official currency of the eurozone which consists of 17 member states of the European Union. The euro was introduced as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999. The notes and coins for the euro were brought into circulation on 1 January 2002. In the period between the introduction of the currency and the advent of its notes and coins, the preceding currencies’ notes and coins were accepted, however such currencies were fixed against the euro. The significance of the currency on a global scale can be determined by the fact that it has become second largest reserve currency in the world. Apart from that, it has also become second most traded currency all over the world after the US $. According to the statistics released by European Union, more than â‚ ¬800 billion were in circulation as at June 2010. The euro has surpassed US$ in the combined value of notes and coins in circulation all over the world. According to the estimates released by IMF, eurozone is the second largest economy in the world. Many US economists had criticized the idea of a currency such as euro. According to such economists, euro was bound to be a failure and it would not last for so long. However, euro surpassed everyone’s expectations and in a very short period of time, it evolved to be one of the most powerful currencies in the world. Most economists were against the idea of monetary unification however the success of euro proves that mone tary unification is an evolutionary process. ... However, euro surpassed everyone’s expectations and in a very short period of time, it evolved to be one of the most powerful currencies in the world. Most economists were against the idea of monetary unification however the success of euro proves that monetary unification is an evolutionary process. From these facts and figures, it can be inferred that euro has become one of the most powerful currencies in the world and it has significant impact on the global economy. 2. Euro as Reserve Currency In order for a currency to be a favoured reserve currency, it must have well developed financial markets. The euro was formed after the unification of 17 currencies of the member states of the European Union. The unification strengthened the euro financial markets and it lowered the macro-economic risks of the countries in eurozone. This was one of the reasons why euro became one of the biggest reserve currencies all around the world. It inherited its reserve status from the currencie s that dissolved into euro. Before the introduction of euro the overall share of US$ as reserve currency was 70.9% which dropped to 64% in the year 2008. On the other hand, the inherited proportion of the euro as reserve currency was 17.9% in the year in which it was introduced, i.e., 1998. One of the reasons behind the euro’s status of one of the most reserve currencies is due to German Mark. The proportion of euro as reserve currency increased to 26.5% in the year 2008. The euro has significantly affected the status of US$ as a reserve currency. Most economists are also debating the possibility of the euro replacing the US$ as the most held reserve currency. According to David

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 18

Assignment Example Mac Taylor (Gary Sinise) heading the team. Since the workplace setting is at the NYPD, the communication patterns exemplified and manifested in the series are comprised of highly professionalized with technical forensic details on the crimes the group intents to solve. Verbal communication patterns showed the relaying words which are clear and understandable despite differences from the cast’s ethical or educational backgrounds. Since the team is comprised of forensic investigators, the quality of information relayed manifests highly professional orientations with topics on medical diagnosis and prognosis of death being exchanged. Non verbal communication patterns through facial expressions, gestures, eye contacts, body signals are abundantly used due to the delicate nature of work being done on the scene. When investigations require silence because of the need to keep some pieces of information confidential until duly examined, the use of nonverbal communication patterns reveal the emotions and intents of the cast. The television series exemplifies that effective communication is relayed despite diversity in gender, race or cultural background through the use of both verbal and nonverbal communication patterns which are clearly understood by a team of highly professional people delving into a common goal: to solve crime at the most effective and scientific way. Another television series located in a fictitious William McKinley High School in Lima, Ohio, uses the school as a workplace setting where various experiences of students with vocal talents are explored. The series is categorized as a musical comedy which earned various awards and citations. However, due to the enormity of characters presented in the series, the interplay of communication patterns was mainly focused and expressed through songs as the medium of self-expression. There are lots of power plays being manifested

Analysis of Data Security in Wireless Networks

Analysis of Data Security in Wireless Networks Chapter 1: Introduction Research Method Research is defined as search for new knowledge or an art of scientific and careful investigation of new facts. Research method is referred as a systematic methodology of defining and re-defining the problems, suggest solutions, formulate hypothesis, evaluate the data, make deductions and then reach conclusions. At last, test the conclusions to determine whether they are suitable for the formulating hypothesis or not (KOTHARI, C. R., 2005). The research method chosen for the present study are case studies. Case study research is used because of its capability to bring a clear idea on any complicated issue and thereby strengthening the previously developed research works. A key characteristic of case study research method is its ability to provide multiple sources of evidence each with its strengths and weaknesses (Bill Gillham, 2000). The steps involved in case study research method are as follows: Getting Started The research work started with the collection of data on Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensor networks are referred as secured networks if they can provide end to end security with authenticity and confidentiality. The present research work emphasizes the importance of providing data security in sensor networks through Location-Aware End-to-end Data Security system. Selecting Cases Selection of cases is an important aspect of building theory from case studies. The earlier stages of the research work focused on various security systems and then identified Location-Aware End-to-end Data Security system for providing data security in sensor networks. Literature review section of this research work will explain all these aspects very clearly. Case study research method is quiet difficult as it provides multiple sources of evidence in its research. So to develop this research work, data was collected from various sources like books, journals, articles and online websites. Crafting Instruments and Protocols After the collection of data related to sensor networks and its importance in the field of providing security for networks it was analyzed that efficient steps must be followed by the organizations to provide security for sensor networks. In order to provide an efficient data security system for sensor networks, the research work was customized a number of times. All the design principles were considered for improving the security in sensor networks so to implement better communication networks. Entering the field After gathering the information related to wireless sensor networks from various sources like websites, journals, articles and books. The information gathered gave a better understanding on Location-Aware End-to-end Data Security system for providing data security in sensor networks. Analyzing data The case study research method primarily concentrated on Location-Aware End-to-end Data Security system for providing data security in sensor networks. The data collected for this research work was analyzed using various methods and techniques. This analysis helps to find the link between the research objects and outcomes with respect to the present study thereby providing an opportunity to strengthen the research findings and conclusions. Shaping hypotheses The task of shaping hypotheses is mainly applied for the alteration or modification of models applied for the research work previously. The new models applied in the research depend upon the data analysis. Enfolding literature After the analysis stage which was helpful in assessing the proposed solutions related to the problems occurred by disasters then a detailed critical analysis will be presented in literature review section that will evaluate the existing security designs so as to improve the performance of sensor networks. Reaching closure From the start of the research work to the analysis stage it was analyzed that providing efficient security for sensor networks is very important as it increases the life of networks and improves the efficiency of networks. Background study of Wireless Sensor Networks Wireless Sensor networks will fall under the category of modern networking systems. It has emerged in the past and caters the needs of real world applications. These networks are the preferred choice for the design and development of monitoring and control systems. In the year of 1940s and 50s wireless sensing technology was developed. To discover and chase enemy craft this was used by military (Shimmer, 2006). The technology formulated to let in radio frequency identification and real time location system but the real force behind wireless sensor network was the power to place detectors in remote or in the environment without wired lines. This allows in turn for capture and analysis of information to transmit warnings and to identify the approaching phenomenon. The quality of life by allowing real time information was developed by WSNs. WSNs supply real world information in a perceive manner rather than a virtual world (Shimmer, 2006). As the health of the people is becoming worse a nd the global population is getting older, with the ability to sense and perform direct measurements biometric solutions can be created which will improve the healthcare and improves the quality of life. As one of the key drivers for wireless sensor networks data will be captured and analyzed for detecting and predicting the phenomena like falls and warnings to develop intelligent solutions for industry. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Overview Providing security for data in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a difficult task because of complexity in managing the critical resource. Data security in sensor networks can be achieved by Location-Aware End-to-end Data Security system. A sensor network can called as secured if it can provide end-to-end security through data confidentiality, authenticity and availability. Applications like wildlife monitoring, manufacturing performance monitoring and military operations use wireless sensor networks. Security is the most important requirement for all these WSNs applications. Providing security in wireless sensor networks is different from traditional approaches because of resource limitations and computation restrictions. Node compromise attacks, DoS attacks and resource consumption attacks are the most general attacks in the wireless sensor networks while providing security to the data. This research concentrates on wireless sensor networks, data security in sensor networks, Locat ion-Aware End-to-end Data Security (LEDS) systems and its performance in providing data security. 2.2 Wireless Sensor Network Wireless Sensor Network is a fast growing technology and has exciting research area. Military and civilian activities can be operated successfully using this network. Interconnection between thousands of sensor nodes in large sensor networks can create technical issues (LEWIS, F. L., 2004). To offer a high quality sensing in terms of space and time the sensing nodes are closely arranged and are made to work together. This technology is responsible for sensing and also for the first stages of the processing hierarchy. Computations, communication capacities, memory, low cost devices which have limited energy resources are included in the network. One of the major applications of sensor networks is actuators. This type of sensor networks is widely used in many sectors like military applications, environmental applications and commercial applications (RAGHAVENDRA, C. S., Krishna M. Sivalingam and Taieb F. Znati, 2004). Networks can be organized in multi-hop wireless paths and large lands capes in order to recognize the events of interest. Industries attain security and safety by making use of wireless sensor networks. This network uses sensors for the detection of toxic, harmful and unsafe materials and also provides a way for the identification of leakages which may cause dangerous results. These networks are best suitable for monitoring and help in controlling rotations in moving machinery (Edgar h. Callaway, 2003). Wide usage of sensor networks in large applications forces the network to provide security for data in order to operate the applications effectively. Security is the major issue faced by wireless sensor networks. The main reason for security problems in sensor networks is hold of data by attackers. If number of nodes increased in communication then there may be chance for tampering the data which may create the problem of data loss (CHAN, H. and PERRIG, A., 2003). This sensor network helps in expanding the internet into physical space. Compared to customary approaches wireless sensor networks provide many advantages. Information in sensors networks is available only at runtime. Sensors networking is done by contribution from signal processing, database and information management, embedded systems and architecture and distributed algorithms. Much number of sensors is already in use for monitoring the traffic in networks (Feng Zhao and leonidas J. Guibas, 2004) The organization growth reduces internally by loss of important data and due to false data introduced by hackers in network.However, the lack of end-to-end security guarantee makes the WSN weak due to the attacks. Functions in the networks are injured by internal attacks which lead to breakdown of mission-critical applianc es (Elaine Shi and PERRIG, A., 2004). Hence from the above discussion it can be understood that wireless networks leads to a new trend as the way of interchanging of data through internet service like e-mail and data file transfers is increasing tremendously. WSN is used in many martial appliances. As these networks provide many benefit for organizations and users it lacks in providing security to data while transferring. Wireless sensor networks play a vital role in transferring the data from one network to another without any delays or disturbances. The functionality and behavior of the WSN are completely dissimilar from the other wireless network devices present in WSN.WSN are not assured by the users. In terms of battery and power these devices are much more restrained. The WSN can be separated into two parts Data acquisition and data dissemination network. Data acquisition network consists of sensor nodes and base stations. Sensor nodes are the accumulation of small devices wit h the charge of assessing the physical information of its setting, and base stations are influential devices in case of gathering information of its surroundings. Sensor networks are mainly projected for real-time collection and analysis of low level data in aggressive environments (Javier Lopez and Jianying Zhou, 2008). For this reason they are well fitted to a significant amount of monitoring and observation applications. Famous wireless sensor network applications involve wildlife monitoring, bushfire response, military command, intelligent communications, industrial quality control, infrastructures, smart buildings, traffic monitoring and examining human heart rates etc. greater part of the sensor network are spread in aggressive environments with active intelligent resistance (Feng Zhao and Leonidas J. Guibas, 2004). Hence security is a crucial issue. One obvious example is battlefield applications where there is a pressing need for secrecy of location and resistance to subvers ion and destruction of the network. 2.3. Evaluating the existing security designs in WSNs Evaluation of existing systems can be done with the help of data security requirements like data authentication, availability and authentication. Security is not provided efficiently by the existing systems due to weak security strengths and is exposed to many different attacks. Security authentication tools such as authentication and key management. These tools provide various security mechanisms for sensor network. Routing and localization are supports sensor network (Donggang Liu and Peng Ning, 2007). Similar to the traditional networks most of the sensor network applications need security against introduction, and modification of packets. Cryptography is the standard defense. Interesting system tradeoffs grow while comparing cryptography into sensor networks. For point-to-point communication, continues cryptography attains a high level of protection but involves those keys to be set up among all end points and be in companionable with passive participation and local broadcast (C. S. Ragahavendhra, Krishna M. Sivalingam, Taieb F. znati, 2004). Link layer cryptography with a network wide shared key simplifies key setup and supports passive participation and local broadcast but intermediate nodes might alter messages. The earliest sensor networks are likely to use link layer cryptography because this approach supplies the greatest ease of deployment among presently available network cryptographic approaches. Subsequent systems may react to demand for more security with more advanced use of cryptography. Cryptography implies a performance cost for extra computation that frequently gains packet size. Cryptographic hardware support increases efficiency and also increases the financial cost of implementing a network. Limitations of existing key management schemes From many past years many different pre-distribution schemes have been proposed. Hop-by-hop is one of the techniques which dont provide end-to-end security in a proper manner. This hop-by-hop not only involves the end points but also have the intermediate components for data forwarding. Hop-by-hop header carries information which should be examined by each and every node along the packet path. As this technique involves each node referencing and processing it becomes complex in analysis of networks (Alberto Leon Garcia and Indra Widjaja, 2004). Data authentication and confidentiality is very much vulnerable to inside attacks and the multi hopping makes a worse while transmitting the messages. The problem of distributing and updating cryptographic is to valid member is known as Key Management. The key management is one of the most important tasks in the cryptographic mechanisms for networks. However the sensor networks, the key management is one of the more challenging network because there may be no central authority, trusted third party, or server to manage security keys. The key management performed in the distributed way. The self organization scheme to distribute and manage the security keys proposed (Yang Xiao, 2006). This system certificates are stored and distributed to the user by themselves. False data filtering and their analysis This helps in protecting data from validation in WSNs. Data that is not authorized will be filtered out by the transitional nodes. Location Based Resilient Secrecy (LBRS) is the proposed scheme that identifies the problems and errors in Statistical En-route Filtering (SEF) and Interleaved Hop-by–Hop Authentication (IHA). All these methods are highly exposed to interference attacks and selective forwarding attacks (kui Ren, Wenjing Lou and Yanchao Zhang, 2008). SEF helps in detecting and dropping the false reports during the forwarding process that contains Message Authentication Codes (MAC) generated by multiple nodes (Anne-Marie Kermarrec, Luc Bouge and Thierry Priol, 2007). IHA identifies the fake reports by using interleaved authentication 2.4. Data Security Requirements in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) As wireless sensor networks usage is increasing in organizations, security should be provided for data in order operate organizations successfully. Data security in wireless sensor networks includes data authentication, data availability and data confidentiality. Data should be available for authenticated users only in order to provide security. Various data security requirements for wireless sensor networks are (Kui Ren, Wenjing Lou and Yanchao Zhang, 2008): Data availability Data Confidentiality Data authentication Data integrity Time synchronization Secure Localization Data availability – To ensure availability of message protection in sensor network it should protect the resources or sensor nodes. Nodes in sensor networks should be guarded from unnecessary processing of messages. Avoiding unnecessary processing can reduce the energy usage so that the life time of sensor network increases. Wireless sensors are influenced by many factors like limited communication capabilities and computation. Wireless sensor networks are vulnerable to various attacks like Denial of Service attacks, node compromise attack and resource consumption attack (Shinqun Li, Tieyan Li and Xinkai Wang, 2002). Hence, in order to provide availability and security resources should be maintained effectively. Data Confidentiality – In wireless sensor networks confidentiality can be achieved by allowing only authenticated users to access the data. In sensor networks data can be secured by using cryptographic methods. Using encryption and decryption for data allows only authenticated users to access the data. Unauthorized or third parties cannot read the original data if confidentiality is provided effectively (Chris Karlof, Naveen sastry and David Wagner, 2004). Hence to have confidentiality for data wireless sensor networks should make of encryption methods. Data authentication – Authentication is necessary for controlling the sensor networks effectively. Data authentication in sensor networks allows the users to verify whether the data is sent from authorized resources or not. It also protects the original data from alterations. Digital signatures can be used for authentication in sensor networks (Mona Sharifnejad, Mohsen Sharifi and Mansoureh, 2007). Hence, authentication in sensor networks can be achieved with digital signature which helps in authenticating the senders. Hence from the discussion it can be given in order to provide security data availability, authentication and confidentiality should be sustained in sensor networks. Data Integrity Data integrity in sensor networks is required to check the dependability of the information and concerns to the capability, to support that message has not been corrupted, altered or changed. Even if the network has confidentiality measures, there is still a possibility that the data integrity has been compromised by alterations (Richard Zurawski, 2006). The integrity of the network will be in trouble when the malicious node present in the network throws fake data. Wireless channel cause damage or loss of data due to unstable conditions. Hence from the above it can be given the information provided by the sensor network is easily corrupted which can leads to loss of data. Time Synchronization Most of the sensor network applications trust on some form of time synchronization. Moreover, sensors may wish to calculate the continuous delay of a packet as it moves among two pair wise sensors. For tracking the applications a more collaborative sensor network may involve group synchronization. Secure Localization The usefulness of a sensor network will trust on its ability of each sensor to accurately and mechanically locate in the network (G. Padmavathi and D. Shanmugapriya, 2009). A sensor network planned to locate faults and it need accurate fixed information in order to identify the location of a fault. In this an attacker can easily misrepresent non secured location information by giving false signal strengths and playing back signals. Hence from the above content it has discussed about the security goals that are widely available for wireless sensor networks. 2.5. Proposing Location-Aware End-to-end Data Security (LEDS) LEDS helps in providing safety to data in a well-organized way. Security to data is provided through confidentiality, authentication and availability in LEDS. This mechanism has the ability to provide en-route filtering and end to end authentication. It makes use of key management for achieving data security. LEDS can be used either in small networks or large networks (Ed Dawson and Duncan S. Wong, 2007). LEDS splits the whole network into small cell regions and sends keys for each cell in order to provide security. Cell size of LEDS depends on the number of keys distribute and it does not support dynamic topology. Sensors helps in finding events that are occurring in network. Encryption of events is happened in networks by sensor nodes which are participating in the network. In order to encrypt the events LEDS uses the pre distributed cell keys (Abu Shohel Ahmed, 2009). Sensor nodes calculates unique share key for sensors after encrypting the data, where this is demonstrated using d ifferent sinks. Sensor nodes use authentication keys for calculating MACs. To avoid duplicate reporting each and every report is given with different MACs. A report or data validity will be checked at each and every node while broadcasting through networks in order to provide data security (Fan Ye, Hao Yang and Starsky H.Y. Wong, 2006). Hence from the above discussion it can be understood that, LEDS mechanism helps wireless sensor networks in providing end to end security. This mechanism makes use of key management in order to provide data authentication, confidentiality and availability. The main aim of designing LEDS is to provide end to end data security through data confidentiality, authenticity and availability. LEDS has the capability of preventing false data report attacks. Brief description of the goals of designing LEDS: Provide end-to-end data confidentiality and authenticity: Event reports in wireless sensor networks can maintain authenticity and confidentiality if the sending nodes themselves are not compromised for data corruption. Compromised nodes may affect the neighbor node performance. Cryptographic methods are used to protect data from attackers which is collected from compromised nodes. Key management assists in providing data authenticity and confidentiality by LEDS (Jun Luo, Panos Papadimitratos and Jean-Pierre Hubaux, 2007). In LEDS key management mechanism the nodes use keys for applying cryptographic methods on data in order to provide security. Achieve high level of assurance on data availability: If any attack occurs on data in wireless sensor network, then it should be flexible in selecting alternative ways for forwarding the data. In order to ensure availability, networks should be able to detect and drop the duplicate reports in an efficient and deterministic manner (Kui Ren, Wenjing Lou and Yanchao Zhang, 2008). LEDS assures data availability in the networks by identifying the duplicate reports early in the networks. Hence from the discussion it can be understood that, LEDS was designed for providing security in the wireless sensor networks. False information reports can be eliminated by using some LEDS mechanisms in networks. 2.6. Components of Location-Aware End-to-end Data Security To provide data security, LEDS makes use of two major components: Location-aware key management framework. End-to-end data security mechanism. LEDS provides end to end security by providing data authentication, confidentiality and availability. 2.6.1. Location-aware key management framework As wireless sensor networks are used in wide range of applications it should be deployed correctly in order to collect data. Network planners should give a framework before organizing in order to have security to data. LEDS makes use of key management in providing framework for the sensor networks. Using Key management in LEDS exploits the static and location-aware nature of wireless sensor networks (Reihanah Safavi Naini, 2008). Key management adopts a grid structure for redistributing and examining specific properties related to designing process. For providing a light-weight and robust location aware key management framework for sensor nodes in network preloaded keys are distributed in networks. This framework can be understood through embedding location information into the keys. Framework using key management should be derived in such a way that it should provide data authentication, confidentiality and availability (Yan Zhang, Honglin Hu and Masayuki Fujise, 2006). In LEDS ever y sensor node computes three different types of location-aware keys for distributing purpose. A sensor node computes two unique secret keys which can be shared between a node and sink. These keys help in providing node to sink authentication. A cell key will be distributed between two nodes in the same cell. Confidentiality to data in Wireless Sensor Networks is given by distribution cell keys among network elements. A set of authentication keys can be distributed among the nodes in the network in order to provide authentication to the nodes. This distributing of keys can help sensor networks in data filtering. A Sensor node in the network computes the location-aware key independently. Key management provides basis for end to end data security (Kui Ren, Wenjing Lou and Yanchao Zhang, 2008). Key management strategies for wireless sensor network have proposed recently existing keys which are based on pre-distribution where a probabilistic access for fixing up session keys among adjace nt nodes. Random key Pre-distribution schemes are dangerous to selective nodes and node replication attacks. These frequent attacks can be prohibited by the location aware key management. More challenges are to be taken by the location aware key management such as connectivity within the groups, deployment flexibility and security resilience (Xiaofang Zhou, 2006). Existing strategies need the deployment data as a priority before the deployment. This makes it very hard in major applications. Hence from the above discussion it can be concluded that, for developing a structure for WSN LEDS uses the key management technique. In this framework the safety to data is given by the distribution of keys between sensor nodes. Different location-aware keys computed from sensor nodes can provide data confidentiality, authentication and data filtering. 2.6.2 End-to-end data security mechanism Security is the main issue in transformation of data over internet or any wired or wireless communication. Several encryption methods are implemented and deployed in organization for providing security to data. Network smart cards supports networking mainstream standards and secured protocols. Private data can be sent from smart cards to remote server by establishing a secured connection between network smart cards and trusted remote internet server. This mechanism helps in avoiding manual type for confidential information. End-to-end mechanism struggle in identifying threat mechanism that will capture the data before it is encrypted (Yuliang Zhenq, 2004). Specificdevices and protocols can be installed at the end point connection for offering end to end security. Hyper text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) connection is an example of end-to-end connection to web server where an IP security is used as end-to-end security. There is an opinion that end-to-end security mechanism provides solutio ns in providing security to network based systems. Wireless sensor networks usually consist of a prominent number of resource constraint sensor nodes which are distributed in neglected uncongenial surroundings, and therefore are displayed to more characters of serious insider approaches due to node cooperation. Existing security designs generally supply a step by step security prototype and are exposed to such attacks (Claude Castelluccia, 2005). Moreover, existing security designs are also exposed to several DOS attacks such as report disruption attacks and selective forwarding attacks and thus put information accessibility at stake. To overcome these exposures for major static WSNs come up with a location-aware end-to-end security framework in which secret keys are bound to geographic locations (frank Stajano , Catherine Meadows, Srdjan Capkun and Tyler more, 2007). This location alert property successfully limits the impact of settled nodes only to their locality without involvin g end-to-end data security. The suggested multi functional key management framework checks both node to sink and node to node authentication along with the report forwarding routes and the suggested data delivery access assures effective en-route fake data filtering, and is highly influential against DOS attacks. In end-to-end security the end points refers to connection between client and server. Providing security is the major constraint for transferring data in a secured manner. For providing end-to-end secure communication constrains components like (Michael H. Behringer, 2009) Identity- which helps in identification of entities at both the ends Protocols- to provide required security functions protocols are implemented with the help of algorithms. Security- the end points used by network should be provided with secured protocols and the operations implemented on the end points should be in a secured manner. Thus from the above context it can be given that networks which uses end-to-end security mechanism provides a great security. In spite of having some potential problems end –to-end security many of the organizations are deploying this type of mechanism. End-to-end security protocols and their clarification acts as keystone in having security for the networks. 2.7. Security and performance analysis of LEDS Location aware End to end Data security design (LEDS) function is to anticipate the security and analyze in diverse etiquette. Digital systems afford the sanctuary by means of sundry techniques. In providing the security features researchers generate innovative services for improving the recital and trustworthiness of single technique algorithm (Sam Brown, 2002). Along with security the performance, hardware and software implementations are focused, transparency of the requirements as well as performance and productivity. The factors that involves in escalating this technology are Viability, power consumption, area, complexity, Flexibility. Security analysis can be explained in three dissimilar ways (Kui Ren, Wenjing Lou and Yanchao Zhang, 2008): Data Confidentiality as the security strength Data Authenticity Data Availability Data Confidentiality as the security strength: The requirement of provide data confidentiality within the internal network can be met using the same deployment and management approaches used. Using of the data encryption standard the confidentiality of encryption could be obtained. Data Confidentiality is also used in the Marketing and Sales (John W. Ritting House and James F. Ransome, 2004). In LEDS every report is encrypted by the corresponding cell key and therefore no nodes out of the event cell could obtain its content. Node from the event cell is compromised as the attacker obtains the contents of the corresponding reports because of the data confidentiality. Scheming total network cells number of compromised nodes and portion of compromised cell were utilized. There are two ways for calculating they are Random node capture attack and selective node capture attack. The above figure shows the data confidentiality in LEDS. One has to be clear that in compromising 40% of total cells at least 5% of the total nodes are to be compromised. Along with random node capture attacks accessible defense designs in which compromising a few hundred nodes usually compromise even in all the network communication, which specifies the dominance of the altitude in litheness. Data Authenticity By using diverse online techniques authenticity of data is accomplished. Significance of the data generation determines the position of the obligation (Chris Mann and Fiona Stewart, 2000). Security strength of LEDS regarding the data Authenticity is obtained by the content o

Larry Ellisons Contributions to Computer Technology Essay -- Technolo

Abstract Larry Ellison is among the top names in the computer industry. He has been fiercely competitive with Bill Gates over the years. That competitive nature may very well be the driving force behind some of his contributions to the world of computer technology. Childhood and Education It is important to understand the background and education of Larry Ellison in order to understand what drives and motivates him in his adult life. Ellison was not a child of privilege. He did not grow up with parents who were scientists or pushed him to excel. According Wikipedia, Larry Ellison was born to a 19 year old unwed Jewish mother who felt compelled to give him up to her aunt and uncle to raise him. He grew up in a two bedroom apartment in a Jewish community in South Shore Chicago. Academy of Achievement website states in the biography about Ellison, he left the University of Illinois during second year final exams when his adoptive mother died. Later that fall he enrolled in the University of Chicago but dropped out after the first semester. Academy of Achievement goes on to say, â€Å"His adoptive father was now convinced that Larry would never make anything of himself, but the seemingly aimless young man had already learned the rudiments of computer programming in Chic ago.† CEO of Software Development Labs According to Academy of Achievement, Ellison moved to California where he worked with a few different companies. One of those companies was Amdahl Corporation where Ellison was able to participate in building the first IBM-compatible mainframe system. Ellison and two other co-workers pursued founding a new company named Software Development Labs. Ellison functioned as CEO of this newly founded company. It was at this company h... ...n Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 15, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Ellison&oldid=379100685. "Larry Ellison Biography -- Academy of Achievement." Academy of Achievement Main Menu. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Aug. 2010. http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/ell0bio-1. "What are relational databases?†. (March 23, 2001). HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved August 15, 2010. http://computer.howstuffworks.com/question599.htm. "Larry Ellison 1944 - Biography - Early life, Software development laboratories, Relational databases, Building oracle, Maturity, The internet revolution, Downturn." Reference For Business - Encyclopedia of Small Business, Business Biographies, Business Plans, and Encyclopedia of American Industries. N.p., n.d. Retrieved August 16, 2010. http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/biography/A-E/Ellison-Larry-1944.html.

Mitigation Strategies Essay

Human Population   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the human population in the world continues to geometrically grow, it has put a lot of pressure on the arid land, biological resources, energy and water to supply food in adequate amount while maintaining the integrity of the world ecosystem. According to the figures that were recently released by the united nation environment plan (UNEP) and World Bank there is a great imbalance between the human population and natural resources.   The environment has it is now, cannot bear this pressure. With the increase in human population land has been cleared to pave way for human settlement, human have settled in water catchments areas,   the rate of air pollution has also increased, Global warming is also on the rise. This paper is going to look at how human population causes desertification (environmental problem), how desertification affects the both the flora and fauna, the paper will try to establish and evaluate some strategies and that are in place to try solve the problem of desertification, the paper will also outline the plan of reaching sustainability the paper will conclude by looking at the required government, societal, and global support to overcome desertification. Detailed description of Desertification   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Desertification refers to the slow encroachment of desert condition to a once fertile land. Some scholars have also defined desertification as the degradation of fertile land in sub humid and arid area, that occurs primarily because of human activities such as clearing of forest, destruction of water catchments areas and air pollution and it is influenced by the variations in the climatic conditions. The major effect of desertification is the loss of the productivity capacity of the land and loss of biodiversity. (Christopher 2007 page 123) Causes of desertification Desertification mainly occurs because of the climatic variations that are mainly caused by human activities. Desertification is caused by the following factors: deforestation, global warming, overgrazing, destruction of Ozone Layer, over cultivation, over drafting of underground water, and increase in the frequency of fire. Generally the main cause of desertification is the over exploitation of land by man (human). The paper is going to discus in details how these factors contribute to desertification. Over cultivation – with the growth of human population, there is need for more food. This makes man to start over cultivating land. Whenever land is over cultivated, the nutrient content in the farm becomes depleted at a very faster rate. The depletion of nutrient makes the land to be in fertile hence resulting into desertification. (Oesterheld eta l 2006 page 770) Over drafting of underground water – underground water refers to any water that lies below the earth’s surface such as boreholes, springs and well. With the increase in human population, the percentage of water being withdrawn from the underground water is also on the rise. This is likely to interfere with the hydrological cycle of water. Over drawing water from the underground sources is also likely to deplete the water in the aquifer, with the depletion of water in the aquifer the roots of trees are likely to miss water, because of the low moisture contents. This makes it hard for trees and other vegetations to survive and with time, the land will be bear, and desert condition is likely to encroach. (Oesterheld eta l 2006 page 774) Soil erosion – it refers to the carrying away of the top fertile soil by water or wind. As the human population increases, the human beings get to clear tree for them to settle hence leaving the top fertile soil exposed. The exposure of the top fertile soil to factors like wind, and water makes the soil; to be eroded. This (soil erosion) result into soil infertility which causes desertification given that the soil will not be able to support the growth of vegetation. (Oesterheld eta l 2006 page 761) Global warming – it is the increase in temperature of the earth surface and of the ocean. Global warming at times is also known as Climate change. It is mainly caused by the increase of carbon dioxide gas, water vapor, methane and ozone. And other green house gases (Tetra – Chloro fluorine, Chlorine, fluorine. and Bromine) in the atmosphere. For the last one hundred years the temperature of the earth has risen drastically at a mean of 0.74 °C   for the year ended 2006. The main factors that have contributed to the increase are: anthropogenic gas emission by the green house effect, volcanic eruption, and solar variation. When the concentration of these gases in the atmosphere increases, the heat energy being reflected back into the earth also increases. This changes the weather pattern hence resulting into desertification. (Hughes 2006 page 28) Deforestation – refers to the cutting down of forest. Deforestation is the major factor that causes desertification. As the human population grows, the human can trees for them to get timber, land, and other raw material. The cutting of trees without replacing them increases the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, this result into global warming, which causes desertification. Deforestation also exposes the top fertile soil to soil erosion, with soil erosion the soil fertility is likely to decrease hence resulting in desertification. (Hughes 2006 page 28) Overgrazing– with the growth of human population, many of them are likely to keep many livestock on a small piece of land. Overgrazing leaves the top fertile soil exposed to erosion. Whenever there is soil erosion, the soil won’t be able to bear vegetation hence leading to desertification.   Livestock also pounds on the soil using their hooves, compacting of the substrate increases the proportion of fine materials present in the soil hence increasing the rate of water and wind erosion. (Hughes 2006 page 30) Impacts of desertification Loss of land productivity – with the encroachment of the desert conditions the soil become infertile hence making it unproductive. A land that is not productive cannot bear the vegetation growth. Reduction of agricultural yields – in places where the productivity of land has gone down because of desertification the amount and the quality of the agricultural yield will also reduce, given that plants need nutrients to be able to produce products of high quality. Reduction in agricultural yield has also resulted into starvation and poverty. As it is now in sub Saharan Africa where the rate of desertification is high the countries are facing severe drought as a result of the encroachment of desert conditions. (Oesterheld eta l 2006 page 776) Extinctions of some species of flora and fauna- Animals and some plants   living in very cold areas have already started to die, because of melting of the ice due to the encroachment of desert in the once fertile lands has   resulting into the death of many species. Other impacts of desertification include: Impoverishment of natural vegetation, Water scarcity, Poverty, starvation and Receding ground water level. Evaluation of current sustainability strategies and solutions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Currently there are several sustainability strategies and solutions that many countries in partnership with UNEP and other non governmental organization have put in place   these include: the government has put in place a global monitoring satellite this has help us to understand the devastating effects of desertification, the government has reignited its campaign against desertification by encouraging people to do research, UNEP has also funded many smaller NGOs, whom have been charged with the responsibility of teaching communities about the causes and the repercussions of desertification lastly some counties has gone ahead and encourage its citizens to carry out birth control. Table Plan of reaching sustainability Action Items (in the correct order)    Actions Steps Timeline Research and identify how human population causes of desertification Review journals, book and websites dealing with desertification.    Identify and document the various causes of desertification.    Develop a documentary showing the various causes of desertification.    26 days       21 days          14 days Research the impact of desertification on the environment and the human being Taken a trip to North Africa where the rate of desertification is high due to human population.    Identify and document the various effects of desertification.    Develop a documentary showing the various effects of desertification.    90days Develop an education program about the adverse effects of desertification Come up with a presentation showing why the program is needed and include desertification, its impact (both positive and negative), changes that are needed to reverse the situation, the benefits of these changes needed and lastly the challenges that will be faced while trying to implement the proposed changes 76 days Schedule a presentation day and time Attend the world environmental day in the community/Country and present the benefits in the most appropriate manner to the environment department    Request the state environment department to add my presentation to the next year’s agenda. If possible it should be the theme for next year environmental week. Document the visual and audio materials required for the presentation of my topic       18 days Identify and invite all the stakeholders Tally the number of the expected attainders Advertise in press and in banners informing people about theme of the environmental week and what will be presented 10 days Present my topic to the stakeholder and convince them about the benefits of mitigating desertification Present to the audience the causes, effects and measure that can be taken to mitigate desertification 1 day Ensure that the government and all the stakeholders has adopted the mitigation measure   for desertification that I had proposed Advice the people charged with implementing the mitigation measures Ensure that whatever is to been implemented is implemented using the most efficient and effective way 16 months Make a follow up to see the effectiveness of my proposed mitigation measures. Collect data in the community a bout any positive or negative changes that they have noticed since implementation of the project 13 days       Benefits my plan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     If the plan is followed without being altered it is expected that the rate of desertification will reduce with more than fifteen percent annually this is likely to reverse the currents effects of desertification.   If the plan is successful implemented the following be noticed: amount of agricultural yield is likely to increase, the rate at which some species are vanishing will reduce, the natural vegetation wont be impoverished, there will be more water, the rate of poverty and starvation is likely to reduce. Challenges to my plan The plan might not go as smooth as it expected, because of the following: there might be some financial problem given that to be successful I must have the necessary resources need. the second challenge that the plan might face is lack of cooperation from the stakeholders particularly those in the timber industry who might have the perception that all these are meant to deny them an opportunity of excelling in whatever business that they are doing, lastly the plan might be changed because of natural disasters like hurricane, sickness and other unforeseen circumstances. Required government, societal, and global support   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The government, NGOs and other stakeholders can actually help to reclaim the lands that have already become deserts in areas where there are sand dunes they should cover them with petroleum or large boulders, this will prevent the sand dunes from rolling away. The stakeholders should fund more researches concerning the effect of human population to the environment. This will encourage many scientists to venture into this field. The government should also run awareness campaign to encourage its citizens to co exist with the environment and to discourage them from having many children lastly the stakeholders should to the people the impact of desertification to the environment so that they can appreciate and change. Reference:    Christopher H 2007 desertification impacts assessment of Egypt international journal of environmental studies page 165 –page 201 Hughes L.2006. â€Å"Principles of Environmental Engineering† oxford press page 28- 32 Oesterheld M, Paruelo J & Veron S ( 2006) â€Å"Assessing desertification†   Journal of Arid Environment, Volume Number 66 4th Issue Elsevier Limited page 751 – page 776   William. R. 2008. â€Å"What does the feature hold for our environment† Washington Post March issue page 24

Traditional Forms of Dress Essay Example

Traditional Forms of Dress Essay Example Traditional Forms of Dress Paper Traditional Forms of Dress Paper Clothing has long ago ceased to be just a protection from the cold and the sun and has evolved as fast as the human race. Animals show off bright colours to attract others at mating time and the human animal too has found it necessary to flaunt his or her looks. To help us to do this, since we have neither features nor fur, we have clothes as an excellent substitute.  Just like cultivation, clothes have evolved differently in different countries. So each country has its own traditional clothes. Usually clothes start out as being practical and later evolve as fashions. Clothes too develop according to cultures and, especially, religious beliefs. In countries where women are expected to be modest in dress, they cover themselves more. In other cultures there are no rules. In come societies where being practical in order to survive is the main rule, minimum clothing is emphasized for both men and women. But one thing stands out; traditional dress is usually graceful and says a lot about the history and cultures of the people. Most traditional clothes are graceful; at least cultures of the wearers. Most societies in the world want to maintain their cultures. In countries where many cultures prevail because of migrant communities like Singapore, there is fervour to preserve all the cultures when the word culture is mentioned, almost without exception clothes take a leading position. It is common to see clothes of bygone eras being exhibited in museums as examples of culture. Along with dancing, art and language clothes are one of the visible aspects of a culture. If we agree that tradition must be preserved then, traditional clothes must be preserved. The two can be said to be inseparable. Preserving tradition, on the other hand, does not mean that we should always wear them. The tendency today is to adopt clothes from other societies if they are more convenient: for example, the worker in India who has been wearing the white clothing for centuries, when doing outdoor work now finds that jeans, that great American creation is much more convenient. In fact, he probably wonders how his ancestors ever worked in clothes. But this does not in the least mean that he has given up clothes and begun to wear jeans- far from it; out of work he still wears the traditional clothing. So we have a good example of tradition being maintained while being practical about clothes. There are certain occasions when it is more practical to wear clothes from other countries, usually western clothes and it would be simply to insist otherwise. Then, again, as it is important to preserve traditional clothes there are certain other occasions when traditional clothes will be ideal. There are also certain occasions when traditional clothes are a must. There are occasions like weddings and other cultural functions when the graceful traditional clothes will add colour and gaiety to the occasion. In Singapore, it is permissible to wear ones ethnic traditional clothes to even the most formal function, even at the presidential palace. However, it turns out that only the ladies will appear in traditional clothes at such functions. This is no wonder as theirs, all our cultures are truly magnificent whereas, for some inexplicable reason, gentlemens clothes are plain and simple. Men wearing the traditional clothes beside their ladies are likely to appear like servants. Hence, it is common to find ladies adorned in traditional clothes while the gentlemen are in smart tuxedos; so much for preserving traditional clothes. The argument could be: preserving them need not mean wearing them.  Preserving traditions is akin to preserving the soul of a society. They take centuries to evolve and represent milestones in the evolving of a culture. Traditional clothes take the leading position when it comes to maintaining traditions and this is most welcome.

Red Badge of Courage-Maturing essays

Red Badge of Courage-Maturing essays Every person goes through a natural change in his or her lifetime. This change is the maturation process from childhood to adulthood. This process for some is easier than others. Steven Crane creates a portrayal of the maturation process through his character Henry Fleming in The Red Badge of Courage. For young Henry, the maturation process is a long and hard struggle that takes place through three skirmishes at the battle of Chancellorsville during the American Civil War. In the beginning of the story, it can be easily seen how Henry is still a young immature child. His motives for wanting to sign up for the war effort were shallow and selfish. He did not join the war effort to defend his country but rather to bring glory to himself. To put it rather simply, the youth wanted to be a Hero. Also to add to that, Henry had no real clue of what war was about. "He had, of course, dreamed of battles all his life - of vague and bloody conflicts that had thrilled him with their sweep and fire. In visions he had seen himself in many struggles. He had imagined peoples secure in the shadow of his eagle-eyed prowess. But awake he had regarded battles as crimson blotches on the pages of the past. He had put them as things of the bygone with his thought-images of heavy crowns and high castles. There was a portion of the world's history which he had regarded as the time of wars, but it, he thought, had been long gone over the horizon and had disappeared forever(5) When Henry finally gets a taste of war in the first battle, he comes to realize that war isnt what he expected. During this battle, Henry gains a false fear that the regiment is going to leave him in battle alone, so he throws down his rifle and ran like a rabbit(47). After his desertion, he feels ashamed of himself for running and attempts to rationalize his reasons for leaving. He threw a pine cone at a jovial squirrel, and he ra...

Cannibalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cannibalism - Essay Example Philibrick (2001) traces the history of cannibalism and relates it to how the sailors and fishermen actually used to slaughter their own mates in the face of what is called an absolute necessity. He presented a side of history of cannibalism which is based on slaughtering humans in order to fulfill the needs of other humans under extreme conditions. He justifies cannibalism mostly on the basis of the acute needs which have to be fulfilled in order to actually allow others to survive. Therefore, the sense of civility did prevail in those who actually attempted to consume the flesh of their fellow travelers. This historical account provides a different dimension of how cannibalism has been practiced out of necessity (Sandel, 2010). It is critical to understand that from a relativist approach it may be difficult to justify or even define cannibalism, as it draws the line between what an acceptable behavior actually is and what it is not. Cannibalism has colonial roots; European invaders used it as a tool to civilize those who were engaged in such horrifying practice. As such, cannibalism was also used as a reason to use violence and killing against those who were practicing it in the New World. This dimension of cannibalism can suggest some sort of historical distortion about this practice in order to validate brutal attempts of using violence against those communities which were involved in this practice (Salisbury, 2001). Cannibalism can also be an act of revenge and anger, which lead to this practice even to date; cannibalism has also been viewed from this perspective by different tribes in Amazon. Cannibalism has also a compassionate face; during funerals, it is a practice caused by compassion. This kind of argument is relatively different from that of what typical anthropological theory actually stated. Cannibalism can also be based on the overall worldviews of those who practice it; it

Zipcar case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Zipcar case study - Essay Example New entrants required a lot of capital and skills to match this strategy hence barring them from entering the market. Zipcar charge cheap prices for long distances as compared to other rental companies. New entrants will find it hard to charge such prices. There are many substitutes in the market for car rental services. Indeed, buyers can easily choose to switch to other rental services if Zipcar fails to meet their needs. Buyers can use personal cars, family cars, public transport, or taxis. Buyers have medium bargaining power where they have a chance to switch to other rental services if Zipcar does not meet their needs. The market has many buyers but only few have the capacity to influence market forces. However, the increasing number of online buyers can influence market prices in the future. The synergy between the business strategy for zipcar and information technology is very important (Pearlson and Saunders 75). Zipcar uses information and technology to enhance growth by helping the company to offer improved and efficient services. The network effects that are part of the strategy for zipcar are zipsters. They are social networking technologies used to develop an online community (Pearlson and Saunders 75). The zipsters add value to the company by encouraging community development and creating good relations between Zipcar and the customers. As the CEO of zipcar, I realize that the services offered and the price of the services threatens my competitive advantage. To sustain a competitive advantage, I would offer flexibility services, maintain cars, and charge affordable

Effect of the Economic Downturn on a Manufacturing Company Essay

Effect of the Economic Downturn on a Manufacturing Company - Essay Example The essay "Effect of the Economic Downturn on a Manufacturing Company" talks about the economic problems in a manufacturing company and analyzes the actions of the management's team. The union, the main company's problem which strongly opposed the layoff of any employee, happened to guarantee their members job security, which was the main reason that nearly all the workers had joined up. A number of alternatives were suggested by managers during a brainstorming session, the most extreme being to lay off twenty percent of the workforce permanently. The least disruptive was to retain the full complement of employees and merely schedule them on a revolving four-day work week until the crisis is over and the company can return to full production. The management eventually decided to reduce the working hours of each production worker instead of laying off employees. They felt that dismissing workers from their jobs would be too disruptive, and before they could do so they would have to meet with the union members and negotiate who should be dismissed, according to the terms of their collective bargaining agreement. They expected stiff opposition and a possible court case if they were to insist on laying off people. Unfortunately, when the decision was implemented, many of the good employees lost interest in their jobs and filed for resignation when they were offered better-paying jobs by a competitor firm. The final decision achieved the objective to reduce labor costs by twenty percent.... A joint meeting of the executive and operations management committee was called, the finance manager briefed them on the need to reduce operations expense of which the labour cost is the largest, and the managers then brainstormed on the different alternatives that they felt were viable. Bounded rationality in the decision-making process Source: University of Portsmouth, 2005 The four best alternatives were as follows: Twenty per cent of the production employees across the board shall be laid off with two week’s severance pay. The managers should identify who are to be separated. Ten per cent of production employees shall be laid off, only from those departments that may be reduced, and some shifts reduced from the regular three to only two. Some departments may not be affected at all. Convince the employees to take a uniform fifteen per cent pay cut. In this case management will also take a pay cut to make up the difference from what employees save to what finance needs to ma ke up. Scheduled leaves will be given to the amount of the cut. Declare a four-day work week for all production employees, eliminating twenty per cent of the work hours and reducing production personnel’s pay by twenty per cent. There are a number of criteria that the management team considered in making the final decision. The top criterion is to absolutely reduce labour cost in production by twenty per cent. The number is not arbitrary. The finance department reasoned that twenty per cent of the production capacity is being suspended until demand picks up. Other than this, there are many uncertainties, such as the length of the suspension of operations, whether further reductions shall be necessary, and whether the firm will still return to full operations after the crisis

Modern Educational System Essay Example for Free

Modern Educational System Essay I decided to write about education system in Ukraine because I think it is very common problem and because I’m a student as well. Educational system in Ukraine at the present stage is sufficiently complex and hard-to-reach for citizens. Despite the fact that officially education is considered to be free of charges on all levels for children, in reality parents confront series of problems that are not so easy to deal with, unless they have certain savings of money. So for example, parents are obliged to reserve places in kindergartens even before the children are born. Because if you do not do this by the time your child is three years old there will be no more vacant place left. And of course we must not forget that all institutions of preschool educations under one reason or another demand financial contribution for various needs. The same range of problems is applied to school education with distinction that parents are forced to purchase different teaching material on their own in many cases. Another very important subject matter is related to the field of physical activity for children and teenagers. It is well known that for everyone, who is nearly six or seven years old, immovable pastime on the lessons for forty five minutes is nearly a torture and fifteen minutes of break are not enough for proper progress and harmony of such a young and growing organism. But even in spite of this it makes no difference to us and we continue to insist on such unnatural methods â€Å"doctrine of torment† for our children. The question is why? Against the background of this day’s schedule we are confronting the constant cases of children’s overwork and fatal outcomes. The structure of higher education in Ukraine according to its ideology and goals corresponds to the structure of education in most developed countries of the world. It is very important that in March, 2005 Ukraine has joined the Bologna system and became an active participant of development of the all-European space in the sphere of higher education. For today there are 951 higher educational institutions of different levels of accreditation in Ukraine which conduct preparation of qualified experts of more than 500 specialties. But even more difficult tasks are in prospect to be solved in the system of higher education, so as to adjust proximate planed dependence from demand and offer of experts in different spheres of activity. Nowadays in our country we experience luck of teachers, medical workers, and profile engineers in various sectors and in the same time we have overabundance of such professions as economists, lawyers and others. It’s not a secret that education is not an exception, as well as other â€Å"systems† in our country, where we confront corruption. This issue is one of the most problematic and hard-to-solve for Ukrainian population. For example, Prime Minister of Ukraine N. Azarov has signed a decree of the Cabinet of Ministers aimed at improving the quality of IT professionals, strengthening cooperation between business and education, bringing education to the needs of industry and labor market. One of the key barriers of IT industry development is lack of human resources. The level of IT graduates rarely meets the requirements of the labor market today. Lack of practical training, insufficient level of English proficiency, miss of skills working in the team – all lead to the fact that only 25% of graduates are to work in IT industry and this is very low index. Most likely that we lost true value of the word â€Å"education† – is educating, that means to create and give new image or character to people but not impose them with unlimited amount of knowledge and information that sometimes is not only interesting but unnecessary. English word â€Å"education† or Latin word â€Å"educo† in comparison with the Russian equivalent, expose more precise definition of the notion we putting in this concept by nurturing. It is the purpose of education in every country – rising new spiritual and moral generation – this is our ultimate aim. One of the most vivid examples of such a high-quality education were times of imperial Russia in the middle of XVIII century, where upbringing of high level ecclesiastical and ethical patriots was not restricted by place of birth or nationality of the person. The biggest delusion in our times is the false idea of scientific and technical progress. Under the pretence of it specialization of each tendency narrows with every day. Workers of such a limited in profile become easy-to-handle manipulators and with their help it is possible to comply almost every conception without their understanding and â€Å"thinking into the truth†. Integration to another educational system, like most of European countries, the tests structure, leads to these consequences. As specialists themselves say, one of the most serious problems of integration of the Ukrainian system of education in the Bologna process – is unawareness of officials of the current situation in the Ukrainian and European education, as well as the objectives of the Bologna process. The system of education in the former USSR was considered to be one of the best in the world. It was not declared by other countries by variety of reasons; some of the main ones were political convictions and disinclination to recognize its effectiveness in every way.